Linguistic concepts:
1. The sign:
language: code size of signs
meaning
significant concept: sound, linguistic representation of the circuit
word meaning Sender code signifying meaning significant recipient
The idea of \u200b\u200ba sound is linked to a concept.
2. Langue et words:
The langue is the mnemonic virtual heritage, language proficiency, language as a system.
The word is the act of linguistic communication, is the text of the current, is psychological and is arbitrary
By implementing the communication there is a passage from langue to parole, or from virtuality of the news, from the paradigm
phrase.
The paradigm is the list of potential concepts that I have available. The text always refers to the paradigm.
saying something I say the rest, that is saying something makes it different from what I have said and then I
also refer to the unspoken. In short, saying that the distinction is introduced / not mentioned, I create two entities, not one. The denial
updates the model and not the phrase. The phrase is the single utterance, belongs to the words.
3. Sememe and sema: The
sememe is the aggregate of meanings that have a common meaning. Each of these meanings is called Instead
sema.
4. Intermediate structures:
Phonetics
Morphology Semantics Syntax
5. The common pattern:
Sender: Recipient
the speaker: one who listens
Message: what is said
Code: the system of signs
Channel: the physical means to act of the messages
Contact: physical object to which the message refers
Functions:
Sender: emotional
recipient: conative, persuasion
channel: fatigue
code: metalinguistic
referent referential
message: poetic
In a text functions are usually all present, perhaps with a certain hierarchy. For example: "Veni Vidi Vici."
The dominant function is called, in fact, dominant. Flexibility
text:
syntagmatic line consists of two lines: that of the signifier and the signified. A text is a translation
the sense that we must re-translate to read it or hear it, that there is a double translation in a communicative act.
1. Reduction:
rework a text involves the steps: text1 text2
Key conceptual sense: identification
filter culture: registers, cultural subcodes: the same content can be filtered in several ways. For example
a love story can be a text of erotic or romantic or psychological. A reduction is necessary to maintain the original register
. Step
from meaning to text by three levels:
1) concept
2) width: the length of a text is flexible.
3) linguistic mediation (subcodes)
proportional reduction: stretch the various conceptual issues in the same way
Reduction purpose: to speak or move some conceptual issues on the register
Ridduzione accordion: it establishes a hierarchy within the conceptual issues
2. Amplification:
Add words, do not make sense. Amplification
rhetorical repetition of synonyms (lubricious and shame)
teaching Amplification: Amplification proportional
add explanations: stroke conceptual nodes in the same way
selective amplification: some conceptual issues amplify more than others
3. Denotation, connatazione, registers:
The paradigm contains the different registers of potential use. The texts comedians changes from one register to another
.
term denotes:
purely descriptive terms connotative: they have an aura psychological or social. The paradigm
synonymous depending on the kind of society.
4. Types of translations:
1) Translation intralingual: switching from one text to another text book of the same language (change subcode, synonyms,
reduction / amplification)
2) interlingual translation: switch from one language to another
3) semiotic translation: transition from language texts
4) Structured Translation: the dominant exchange.
Types subcode:
1) microlanguages: subcodes scientific
2) subcodes cultural slang, jargon
3) subcodes of pure lexical synonymy: do not change the log
Descriptive text: summarizes a situation mentally
argumentative text narrative assumes the coordinates time / space
Fundamentals metric:
Technical components of the signifier: rhythm, rhyme, verse, various appeals.
Vowels:
full vowel: a, e, o
semi-vowels: i, u
Umlauts: two consecutive vowels that are worth two syllables. (Eg "d'o / re / en / so / zaf / fi / ro)
syneresis two consecutive vowels that are worth a syllable (never leaving the verse)
Dialefe two consecutive vowels but separated by a pause worth two syllables (eg "Hello Andrew")
elide two vowels in a row but separated by a pause worth a syllable (if there is no accent, but it is conditioned by
punctuation)
Cesura:
a child: focus on the 4 th and 10 th syllable dell'endecasillabo
moiore to: focus on the 6 th and 10 th syllable dell'endecasillabo
Emisticchio: the two sides of the uniforms to break
Anaphora: figure of speech which consists in the repetition of a word or words at the beginning of the verses
anadiplosis: same thing but the repetition is at the end of the verses.
enjambement: the verse does not match the sentence. Towards
slip: a syllable in
Towards floor with the syllables due
Towards trunk with one less syllable
phonetic memory lasts a few seconds, then the rhymes are more distant are more incisive
perfect rhyme: identity of two phonetic units from the last syllable pronounced at the end (Eg crying, a lot)
Rima French phonetic identity of two units of the first syllable pronounced
internal rhyme: a final word of a rhyme to a word within the next verse
Rimalmezzo: internal rhyme "at the end of the first emisticchio Rima
to echo at the end of the verse and the beginning of the next
The rhyme may be poor or rich, depending on the number of repeated phones: a phone
goodness, city
3 phones: life, lost phones
6 : muscle, twilight
What determines the value of the rhyme is: a) distance, b) the accuracy, c) semantic opposition
imperfect rhymes:
assonance: the identity of Voice of the last two groups phonetic speech marked the end (cat, wagon)
Consonanza: identity of the consonants of the last two groups phonetic speech marked the end (dance, beautiful)
Omoteleuto: identification of two groups fonetic beyond last voice accentuated (meal cost)
anadiplosis: phonetic repetition of a group at the beginning of a word (wavering, barbarian)
Onomatopoeia: a word whose meaning is the meaning or play it online. The onomatopoeic words are often
anadiplotiched, hence the claim that the onomatopoeia appears to be a structure more than an audio engineer
content.
Alliteration: two or more consecutive words that begin with the same phone
remedies groups phonetic
Omotonia: use of a speech pronounced in a word (good party)
paronomasia:
Palindrome: identification of two groups phonetically reversed (roma amor)
anagram
rhyme slipped
acronym (AIDS)
Schema metric phenomena, or phenomena of Appeal: Appeal
intensive use of extensive use
(rhythm) (rhyme)
- syllables ( number) - perfect
- accents (number and position) - imperfect
Other action are cultural phenomena such as the verse, the structure of the rhyme and the length of the lines
Verse:
The sonnet was born in 1200 in the Sicilian school. Composed of 14 hendecasyllables (4 +4 +3 +3) Rime (abab abab cde cde) or
(abba abba cde edc)
Eighth Ariosto: A''BABABCC
Complet héroïque: dodecasyllable verses. Rime kissed.
The proverb: You can
structure in different schemas, based on phonetic cohesion, action semantics, metaphor or core of wisdom. Core
sapiential purely communicative, is a board (eg the night brings counsel)
phonetic cohesion: Ex eat soup or jump out the window
semantic Action: Ex Speech is silver, silence is golden
Metaphor: Ex The devil is in the covers but not
polysemy: Interrelation
oppositional: the signifiers fulfilling its role as different from each other, although there
areas of overlap and it is there that insinuates the polysemy .
The polysemy is distributed on three levels:
1) phonetic polysemy: it is at the level of words and can be attributed to a text, not a word
2) polysemy semantics: for a word that has multiple meanings
3) structural polysemy : referred all'equivocabilità the dominant function
Example 1: "The figures do not add" 1: they are gone, 2: I was wrong calculations
Example 2: "The soprano is acute" active but only one of significance is not clear what is inelligente or is the tone?
The semantic differential
The third line of communication, in addition to the sensory (meaning) and semantic (meaning), is a social
emotional
example: "Pink" in Italian culture is connected to (arbitrarily) to femininity
more often the word is more loaded desemantizzata
of this component is the emotional reaction of the recipient
Rhetoric:
can be designed in two basic ways:
Rhetoric as an ornament of language. That is a language within the language.
rhetoric as something innate. It is the very structure of communication inherent to the language.
Rhetoric is bisected into two lines of thought:
1) Rhetoric logic: inventio (= sense of what I mean), devices (such as organizing the discourse); elocutio (words that use
)
2) Rhetoric poetic language such as creativity, based irrationality.
Cicero rhetoric by some definitions: 1) is the art of persuading and 2) is the theory of how to use language, and 3) the organization of the speech is
Tropi (paradigmatic figures):
Iterazio: Comparison (Yellow as a canary)
Allegory: invest the discussion of symbolism, I am speaking on two levels (in the middle of the journey of our life ...)
catachresis: Filling a hole in the tongue (The legs of the table) , missing the word
Antonomasia: use a proper name to indicate a famous quality of the characters (and a Hercules is strong =)
euphemism: delicate expressions used to troublesome issues (passed away = died)
the time the terms resume their aggression (process bathroom cabinet)
Alitote: attenuation by denying what is not (and a little 'dirty, not eagle)
Hyperbola: esageerazione (I've said a thousand times!)
Irony: saying the opposite of what you think (good mmm. ..)
Metaphor:
transfer a word from one thing to another because it seems to be able to transfer without error because of the affinity.
Example: John
sememe: blond, tall, educated ,....,
sememe of courageous lion, four-footed, aggressive, courageous ,....,
John is a lion. The sememe common (bold) is called tertium comparationis.
Metaphors can be lexicalized, that is known, or text, that is invented.
There are two basic forms of metaphor: the synecdoche (part for the whole) and metonymy (the whole for the part)
syntagmatic rhetoric refers to the words and not to faint. You may imagine, not tropical. All the metric enters in
figuratively.
Figures:
Repetition: meidante two synonyms (it is with pride)
The comparison: similarity ('re strong as a lion)
The enumeratio: number of terms are classified in a category (there were apples, oranges, peaches and cherries)
Epanatessi: repetition of the same term (must study, study, study), infant
Figure etymological tone: use a word and its root (live your life)
The Final use a word with its definition Figure
opposite: The
oxymoron: a union of two opposites (bitter sweet) The antithesis
: saying one thing and then deny the other (I think this and not that)
The apostrophe: forms that call into question the Recipient (mind you, ladies and gentlemen, but feel a bit ')
rhetorical question: it calls into question the recipient, rispoosta is already in question ("but you believe it?")
Grant: it calls into question the recipient explaining a concept on that you do not agree.
grammatical forms:
polysynthetic: redundancy of syntactic connectives (and this and that, e. ..)
Asinteto: the absence of such connectives (Today arrival. Tomorrow I leave)
chiasm: syntactic inversion (blacks have eyes and blond hair)
Climax: The following series of words to mean a straight up or down (year, month, day)
Ellipses: omission
prolepsis: anticipation syntactic an entity (I wanted to tell you)
Epifonema: postponement of a syntactic entity (this)
Summary of rhetoric
paradigmatic replacement due to tertium comparationis
syntagmatic: the enlargement process of writing a text speech
two processes take place:
1) process paradigmatic
choice that the code gives me
depends on knowledge Language
choice of syntax, style, register (name); synonyms, phonetic cohesion, tropes (rhetorical)
2) syntagmatic process:
inventio: psychic unity, what we have in mind
device: organization Text
elocutio: code, produce the line syntagmatic
Tuning:
It brings a lot of information. Moving from orality to writing the pitch is lost for the most part.
There are few tools to translate the pitch (the last stretch phono mangiaaaavo, punctuation).
For this reason there are verbs that describe the pitch: muttering, stammering, whispering, shouting, screaming. There are verbs that position
say in a certain context: answer, add, repeat, stop.
translation semiotics: iconic
translation of a code in a text language.
Icons are classified by: 1) content, 2) technique, 3) historical phase
Translation Process:
code language code
iconic sense
referential
emotional persuasion
semantic design
morphology
syntax color composition and linear auditory
ivo vis
text and unified image An image advertising is persuasion
From the Icon you can translate the meaning and linguistic mediation (Image description).
Highlights from the description of a picture:
1) Date
2) Composition (elements of the framework)
3) Origins (client, etc.)
4) History of the Opera (where she was exposed, etc.)
5) Copies
6) spatial location (where it is, where it was painted)
7) Light
8) The realism of the work (as he shows us the reality)
9) Comparison (worth, sense)
10 ) Psychology (psychological content, interpretation unit)
11) The technique (generally and specifically)
12) Theme
13) historicizing (where it fits into the cultural trend)
14) artificial elements (collage, foreign material, oversized)
15) Location of the measures (9m x 4m)
16) Added (variations from the original)
17) Character statuary
18) this state of conservation
19) Nature dead
20) General characteristics of the context
21) Colors framework
The order of translation:
1) of past work and what is the first external data (1,3,13,11,18,15,6 )
2) The central core (12,10,2,19,17,7,21,8,14)
3) Comparison (9)
4) What happens next (16,5,20, and 4)
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