In 1936 the Republican government outlawed the Falange was in charge of disorderly conduct, including the attempted murder of law professor Luis Jiménez de Asua, and arrested the head, even de Rivera, and locked in the first Model Prison in Madrid and then from June 5, in Alicante, where it was when it implemented the July 18 military coup by Emilio Mola and Francisco Franco, who started the Civil War (1936-39 ). José Antonio was a prisoner at Alicante until he was executed November 20, 1936. The regime of Francisco Franco developed a personality cult around de Rivera. He was a "martyr of the Crusade" (see "El Ausente" ... "The Absent"). On the outer walls of each parish was placed on the orders of English Franco (El Caudillo) a plaque commemorating local soldiers killed Duante the Civil War ("Caídos por Dios y por España "..." Fallen for God and Spain "). The name of de Rivera was the first in the list on each plate and the name of José Antonio became very popular in Spain. José Antonio's sister, Pilar Primo de Rivera founded the Sección Femenina (the women's branch of the Falange). The Sección Femenina played a huge rebuilding job systematically all the different traditions of the English regions (gastronomy, music, dances, etc...) Franco ordered the building (through the forced labor of political prisoners) of the mausoleum of the Valle de los Caídos, where today lies the body of de Rivera. Nearly forty years later (in 1975), November 20 (the day when he was shot José Antonio), Franco died (he had been kept alive through aggressive treatment for this) and his body was buried next to that of de Rivera. José Antonio did not consider his motion (called nazionalsindacalismo) as a fascist, because the two had in common only the exaltation of the national concept. On November 20, remains a symbolic date for the extreme right and English European. The last statue remained in Spain of Primo de Rivera was removed from Guadalajara in March 2005 after the government decided it was not suitable for a democratic state. There was also concern that had become a pilgrimage site for right-wing extremists from all over the continent (... and it was true).
The political movement known as Falange Espanola (y de las JONS) was born, as I wrote above, in the early '30s of the Falange in Madrid by José Antonio Primo de Rivera with the Juntas de las Ofensivas Sindacalistas Nacional (oppunto JONS) Onesino of Redondo Ortega and Ramiro Ledesma Ramos.
José Antonio Primo de Rivera and Ramiro Ledesma Ramos
The movement, who called nationalist-unionist, proposed a revolutionary type of program, in part inspired by the nationalist movements / European fascist era, which combined the respect for traditional values \u200b\u200bof English historians with a strong policy of social upheaval marked by the establishment a type of corporate law, the socialization of the means of production and overcome the parliamentary democracy in favor of new tools of popular participation ("vertical totalitarian"). He always had a strong nationalist, anti-socialist and anti-liberal. The new grouping was presented March 4, 1934 at the Teatro Calderon of Valladolid as a result of the previous February 13 between Primo de Rivera and Ramiro Ledesma. The symbols of the new movement were the red and black flag of JONS and the yoke, with a bundle of five arrows, a traditional emblem of the first Christian King-Catholics.
In October 1934 the first National Council was held in Madrid during the Jose Antonio was appointed as head and were only adopted the famous Camisa Azul (blue shirt), as uniform and salute. Then it was founded "Arriba Espana" the official organ of the movement. The political fortunes of the Falange proceeded in phases until the February 1936 elections won by the Popular Front, and from that moment on the militants of the movement grew steadily from 40,000 in 1936 to over 500,000 in 1939 (this at the end of the Civil War). As I said, March 14, 1936 José Antonio was arrested by secret police after his election in the district of Cuenca had been invalidated by depriving him of parliamentary immunity. On 18 July with the Alzamiento (the coup) military led by General Francisco Franco, Emilio Mola and José Sanjurjo outbreak of the Civil War and the subsequent November 20, after a summary trial of dubious legality, held between 13 and Nov. 18, Jose Antonio was shot to death in prison Alicante, where he was detained. In the subsequent months fell all the other leaders of the movement, none of whom survived the war. The political weakness of the new leadership encouraged the unification of the decree of April 19, 1937, under which France joined under his command nationalist movements, merging the Falange and the Traditionalist Communion in the new single party Falange Espanola de las JONS Tradicional y "of which proclaimed itself (undeservedly) National Head (if not the stature neither moral nor political). Most of the Falange, interest or fear, he accepted the confluence of the "Movimiento unificada" by Franco, while those who resisted were arrested, tried, and some executed. The head of the movement, Manuel Hedilla (formerly loyal to de Rivera and his secretary), who refused to recognize the political authority of France, was sentenced to death for high treason. The sentence was later commuted (not to make trouble), but Hedilla remained in jail until the late '40s. The activities of political dissidents continued Phalangists underground until the death of Franco. The Falange (now all of 'Franco') was active in the Civil War with its military units, which were, in general, the shock troops of the National Division. Then Franco, who was neither ever became Phalange, it gradually sterilized pulses, using the movement and its ideology to its own use and to symbolically oppose the socialist ideology, Marxist and liberal thought that the enemy of the English tradition. So in the long period of his dictatorship, the Falange and its founder and only empty symbols are always in support of an autocratic power and gross. The social and political program of the Falange was never achieved, even in small part, and after the late forties, with the gradual marginalization of Serrano Suner (Franco's brother and head of the Phalange) and his men did not occupy the most significant positions of power and government. Although Spain is said to neutral during the Second World War, 'free' English volunteers (Mexicans, Argentines, Uruguayans, Paraguayans) framed in the Falange, fought alongside the Nazis on the eastern front against the Bolsheviks. Onésimo Redondo Ortega and José Antonio Primo de Rivera
To conclude: José Antonio was a child of his times and a Spain torn by centuries of economic and political decline suspended between a conservative right (Land owners, high clergy and various components of monarchical and dynastic conflicts rooted in lack of producing a minimum of national rebirth) and a left strongly influenced by a class struggle, violent and extremist. In this context, very bleak, foreboding of what would become a civil war, José Antonio developed his own political thought-Patriotic-clerical (in my opinion those who were anticipating the ideas advocated by the fascism of CSR). After a brief experience in the ranks of monarchy, which followed the death of his father, he realized that that right was too dull, and bound to the past due to their economic interests and privileges in order to become a promoter of New Spain, as well matured the need to create something new in English politics, detached from vested interests and sensitive to the real needs of the national community. Thus was born the movement of the Falange that same definition of Jose Antonio had to be an "anti-party", detached from the right side of the monarchy, and clerical conservatives, who strongly disliked and opposed, of course, to the left and the republican-democratic system instituted in Spain those years. The Falange was formed between the components of healthy motivated by the idea of \u200b\u200bimperial Spain, but not nostalgic, relying on age-old values, but not corrupted by the lust for power and darkened by a Church has lost its humanity and already far from its 'origins'. These components were obviously young. The myth of youth, partly borrowed from Mussolini Fascism, became a cornerstone of the Falange and found practical application in the rule within the movement want to accept only people under forty-five years of age. The new movement was then detached from the "bourgeois spirit of resignation before the events" and become architects of a new great project of Spain and then of a new Europe. This anti-bourgeois spirit he brought to the rooms movementists José Antonio Ledesma of nazionalsindacalisti of Ramos. The component nazionalsindacalista where anarchist sympathies remained strong (hence the flag red-black Phalange), after an initial strong suspicion of the bourgeois lawyer Castilian, plus the son of a dictator, became the backbone of the movement.
José Antonio Primo de Rivera in prison, just moments before being executed
Finally de Rivera advocated "third way", that is man-noble aristocracy, high nell'accezione of terms, a typical figure some right 'look', coupled to the ideals and the social demands of their left. At the outbreak of the Civil War and in previous years did not change José Antonio never mind about the English right, as well as the left. Those who advocated the class hatred, argued the importance of unity of the homeland, understood in its highest sense of unity of purpose for the community to the highest, and those who sought to overthrow the deep social injustices promised radical reforms in the opposite . Then, with the outbreak of the Civil War, de Rivera was imprisoned and executed by the Republican troops with neglect of Franco and accomplice of his generals. The left got rid Republican, so the only "political soldier" who had the opposite side and the right, guided and supported by the slain, opportunistic and sinister 'chief' Franco, took advantage of a loss of ally never too popular (because too intellectual) and made him a martyr. Thanks Franco and public ovations to the founder of the Falange were instrumental in maintaining the highest doctrinal component within its (low) the political regime and no real reform in corporate sense was ensured by Caudillo (man devoid of spirituality and social momentum ). At the end of the great enemies of the Right and Left of de Rivera had the upper hand, but his writings are still a reminder of the stature of that great visionary and man of fine culture.
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